Transactions

Transactions are cryptographically signed instructions from accounts.

An account will initiate a transaction to update the state of the blockchain network. Transactions always originate from an externally owned account (a smart contract can not initiate a transaction). Transactions, which change the state of the EVM, need to be broadcast to the whole network. Any node can broadcast a request for a transaction to be executed on the EVM; after this happens, a validator will execute the transaction and propagate the resulting state change to the rest of the network.

Learn more in the official Ethereum documentation here.

Transaction Fees

For detailed metrics on transaction fees in native tokens and USD, including average transfer costs, see Metrics.

Transaction fees vary across different blockchains. Layer 1 chains typically have a single fee component, while Layer 2 chains include both L1 and L2 fees. Each chain may handle system transactions and fee calculations differently.

Chain-Specific Fee Calculations Details

Layer 2 Chains with L1 + L2 Fees (Base, Mode, Scroll, Optimism, Worldchain, Unichain)

The total transaction fee consists of two components:

1. L2 Fee:

   • Total L2 Fee = Base Fee + Priority Fee

   • Note: (receipt_effective_gas_price * receipt_gas_used) / 10^18 ETH combines both components

   • Base Fee: (block.base_fee_per_gas * receipt_gas_used) / 10^18 ETH

     • Requires join with blocks table on block_number: see example query.

   • Priority Fee: L2 fee - base fee

2. L1 Fee:

   • Given by receipt_l1_fee / 10^18 ETH

   • Represents cost of posting transaction data to Ethereum mainnet

Total Fee = L2 Fee + L1 Fee = ((receipt_gas_used * receipt_effective_gas_price) + receipt_l1_fee) / 10^18 ETH

Standard EVM Chains (Arbitrum, BSC, Avalanche, Polygon zkEVM)

Total Fee = (receipt_gas_used * receipt_effective_gas_price) / 1e18 ETH

Note: On Arbitrum, receipt_gas_used includes both L1 and L2 fees.

Ethereum

Total Fee = Calldata Fee + Blob Fee (Post EIP-4844)

• Calldata Fee = (receipt_gas_used * receipt_effective_gas_price) / 1e18 ETH

• Blob Fee = (receipt_blob_gas_used * receipt_blob_gas_price) / 1e18 ETH (for transaction_type = 3)

Polygon

Total Fee = (receipt_gas_used * COALESCE(receipt_effective_gas_price, gas_price)) / 1e18 ETH

Note: receipt_effective_gas_price values may be null, in which case gas_price is used.

System Transactions

Different chains handle system transactions differently:

• Base/Optimism/Scroll: Identified by receipt_l1_fee IS NULL OR receipt_l1_fee = 0

• Polygon: Identified by gas_price IS NULL OR gas_price = 0 (e.g., State Syncs)

• Arbitrum: Identified by transaction_type BETWEEN 100 AND 106

• BSC: Identified by receipt_effective_gas_price IS NULL OR receipt_effective_gas_price = 0

Table Columns

Several columns may only be applicable for specific EVM-compatible blockchains. The list of columns present in the table is not exhaustive.

Unique Key: hash

Column Name	Description
block_number	The length of the chain, in blocks.
block_timestamp	The time when the block that contains this transaction was included on the blockchain.
block_hash	Unique identifier of the block that includes this transaction.
hash	Unique identifier of a transaction.
nonce	The transaction nonce, unique to the wallet
transaction_index	The position of this transaction in the block that it belongs to. The first transaction has index 0.
from_address	The address of the sending party of this transaction.
to_address	The address of the receiving party of this transaction (could be a contract address).
value	The amount of ether sent in this transaction, in wei.
gas	The maximum amount of gas allocated for this transaction in wei.
gas_price	Cost per unit of gas specified by the transaction in wei. The higher the gas price, the higher chance of getting included in a block.
input	The data send along with the transaction.
max_fee_per_gas	The maximum fee per gas that the transaction sender is willing to pay for this transaction (introduced in EIP1559)
max_priority_fee_per_gas	The maximum fee per gas the transaction sender is willing to give to validators (Proof of Stake) or miners (Proof of Work) to incentivize them to include their transaction (introduced in EIP1559)
receipt_cumulative_gas_used	The total amount of gas used when this transaction was executed in the block.
receipt_effective_gas_price	The sum of the base fee and tip paid per unit of gas.
receipt_l1_fee	The Layer 1 fee paid for the transaction (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_contract_address	The contract address created, if the transaction was a contract creation, otherwise null.
receipt_root	Transaction stateroot (pre Byzantium)
receipt_status	Success status of the transaction. Either 1 (success) or 0 (failure).
log_count	Number of event logs emitted in the transaction.
transaction_type	The integer of the transaction type, 0x0 for legacy transactions, 0x1 for access list types, 0x2 for dynamic fees.
_created_at	Timestamp of the entry creation.
_updated_at	Timestamp of the entry update.