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The Beacon Chain introduced the consensus logic and block gossip protocol which now secures Ethereum. The Beacon Chain introduced proof-of-stake to Ethereum. This keeps Ethereum secure and earns validators more ETH in the process.

More about Beacon Chain

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Beacon Chain Models:

Finalization on Beacon Chain takes 2 epoch. We currently fetch finalized slots and epochs to prevent potential reorgs.

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Raw Data

Table NameDescriptionFreshness
beacon.raw.blocksEssential block-level data.hourly
beacon.raw.withdrawalsValidator withdrawals data from Beacon Chain. Includes partial and full withdrawal.hourly
beacon.raw.depositsDeposits into the ETH staking, derived from beacon.raw.blocks.hourly
beacon.raw.attestationsSlot-level Attestation data, derived from beacon.raw.blockshourly
beacon.raw.consolidationsConsolidations of validator balances post Pectra upgrade.hourly
beacon.raw.block_rewardsSlot-level rewards for blocks that were successfully proposed.hourly
beacon.raw.sync_committee_rewardsSlot-level rewards for selected validators participating in the sync committee.hourly
beacon.raw.total_rewardsEpoch-level attestation rewards for active validators.~30 minutes
beacon.raw.ideal_rewardsEpoch-level ideal rewards from attestations for active validators.~30 minutes
beacon.raw.validator_dutiesValidator duties data fetched by epoch.~30 minutes
beacon.raw.pending_depositsBeacon-chain pending deposist by epoch.~30 minutes
beacon.raw.balances_daily_estDaily validator balances of all validators on the Beacon Chain in EST timezone.daily
beacon.raw.balances_dailyDaily validator balances of all validators on the Beacon Chain in UTC timezone.daily

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Validator data

Table NameDescriptionFreshness
beacon.validator.balancesDaily snapshot of active validators on Beacon Chain (snapshot of validator state on the last slot daily).daily
beacon.validator.balances_latestLatest snapshot of active validators on Beacon Chain.hourly
beacon.validator.consensus_incomeThis model combines all validator income data into one table (block_rewards, sync_committee_rewards, total_rewards)hourly
beacon.validator.consensus_income_dailyAggregates beacon.validator.consensus_income by validator daily.daily
beacon.validator.entitiesBeacon chain entities labelsdaily
beacon.validator.income*Consensus and execution layer income of active validators on Beacon Chain.daily
beacon.validator.indexList of validators by index, pubkey, ETH1 withdrawal address.hourly
beacon.validator.entry_queue_latestLatest validator entry queue, derived from beacon.validator.balances_latest and beacon.raw.pending_deposits~ 30 minutes
beacon.validator.exit_queue_latestLatest validator exit queue, derived from beacon.validator.balances_latest.~ 30 minutes
beacon.validator.queueDaily validator queue metrics, derived from beacon.validator.balances.daily
beacon.validator.queue_latestHourly validator queue latest metrics, derived from beacon.validator.balances_latest and beacon.raw.pending_deposits~ 30 minutes
*Execution layer income from this model is derived from ethereum.raw.block_rewards. This model is updated hourly.

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Use Cases & Solutions

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Accounting & Financial Reporting

Granular Validator Income Tracking: Use beacon.validator.consensus_income and beacon.validator.consensus_income_daily to track all sources of validator rewards with hourly or daily granularity. There are 3 primary sources of validator rewards:
  • beacon.raw.block_rewards: Slot-level rewards for blocks that were successfully proposed.
  • beacon.raw.total_rewards: Epoch-level attestation rewards for active validators.
  • beacon.raw.sync_committee_rewards: Slot-level rewards for selected validators participating in the sync committee.
Combined view of all 3 sources: 
select * from beacon.validator.consensus_income
where validator_index = '649117'
Daily Balance Reconciliation: Use beacon.raw.balances_daily_est or beacon.raw.balances_daily to create daily balance statements for each validator in EST or UTC timezone, enabling precise financial period-end reconciliation and stakeholder reporting. Withdrawal & Exit Tracking: Monitor beacon.raw.withdrawals to track partial and full validator withdrawals, and cross-reference with beacon.validator.balances to reconcile exit timelines and withdrawal amounts.

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Auditing & Compliance

Slashing Detection & Verification: Query beacon.raw.balances_daily_est to identify slashed validators through status changes, analyze the extent of penalties, and verify compliance with network protocol enforcement. Deposit Validation: Use beacon.raw.deposits to audit all ETH staking deposits, verify withdrawal credentials, and ensure compliance with validator onboarding processes. Validator State Transitions: Track validator lifecycle events (pending_queued → active_ongoing → exited_unslashed/exited_slashed) through beacon.raw.balances_daily_est and epoch markers to audit state integrity. Finalization & Data Integrity: Leverage the finalized and execution_optimistic flags in beacon.raw.balances_daily_est to ensure only finalized data is used for compliance reporting and audit trails.

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Research & Network Analytics

Validator Performance Analysis: Query beacon.validator.income over time to understand validator performance distribution, identify top performers, and analyze performance trends across different validator cohorts. E.g., exploring the distribution of consensus income across staking entities: 
select
    date_trunc('week', income.slot_timestamp) as week,
    nvl(entity, 'unlabeled') as entity,
    count(distinct entities.validator_index) as validator_count,
    sum(consensus_income) as total_income,
    avg(consensus_income) as avg_income_per_validator
from beacon.validator.income
left join beacon.validator.entities on entities.validator_index = income.validator_index
where consensus_income > 0
group by 1, 2
order by 1 desc, 3 desc
Network Health & Staking Metrics: Use beacon.raw.balances_daily and beacon.raw.balances_daily_est to track network-wide staking metrics: total staked ETH, active validator count, stake distribution, and participation rates. Queue Analysis: Monitor validator entry and exit queues through beacon.validator.queue_latest and beacon.validator.entry_queue_latest to understand network congestion, activation delays, and exit dynamics. Consolidation & Protocol Upgrades: Track validator consolidations post-Pectra upgrade using beacon.raw.consolidations to analyze adoption rates and impact on validator distribution.