Transactions

Transactions are cryptographically signed instructions from accounts. An account will initiate a transaction to update the state of the blockchain network. Transactions always originate from an externally owned account (a smart contract can not initiate a transaction). Transactions, which change the state of the EVM, need to be broadcast to the whole network. Any node can broadcast a request for a transaction to be executed on the EVM; after this happens, a validator will execute the transaction and propagate the resulting state change to the rest of the network. Learn more in the official Ethereum documentation here.

EIP-7702 Support (Live as of May 7, 2025)EIP-7702 (enabled with Ethereum’s Pectra hardfork) introduces a new transaction type (type = 4) that lets EOAs delegate execution to a contract. The authorization_list includes the delegated address, chain ID, nonce, and signature data (r, s, yParity). Allium has done the work to embed authority directly in the authorization_list, enabling identification of the delegated source — built using logic from viem.authorization_list allows you to:

Detect if an EOA has become a smart wallet
Identify the contract it delegated to
Determine which chain the delegation occurred on

✅ Live on: Ethereum, BSC⏳ Enabled and awaiting data: Base, Worldchain, Optimism, Polygon, Arbitrum, Unichain

Sample Query: Find authority & delegated contracts in 7702 transactions

SELECT
  hash,
  block_timestamp,
  from_address,
  authorization_list
FROM
  ethereum.raw.transactions
WHERE
  transaction_type = 4
  AND block_timestamp >= '2025-05-07'
LIMIT 10;

Transaction Fees

For detailed metrics on transaction fees in native tokens and USD, including average transfer costs, see Metrics.

Transaction fees vary across different blockchains. Layer 1 chains typically have a single fee component, while Layer 2 chains include both L1 and L2 fees. Each chain may handle system transactions and fee calculations differently.

Chain-Specific Fee Calculations Details

Layer 2 Chains with L1 + L2 Fees (Base, Mode, Scroll, Optimism, Worldchain, Unichain)The total transaction fee consists of two components:

L2 Fee:
- Total L2 Fee = Base Fee + Priority Fee
- Note: (receipt_effective_gas_price * receipt_gas_used) / 10^18 ETH combines both components
- Base Fee: (block.base_fee_per_gas * receipt_gas_used) / 10^18 ETH
  - Requires join with blocks table on block_number: see example query.
- Priority Fee: L2 fee - base fee
L1 Fee:
- Given by receipt_l1_fee / 10^18 ETH
- Represents cost of posting transaction data to Ethereum mainnet

Total Fee = L2 Fee + L1 Fee = ((receipt_gas_used * receipt_effective_gas_price) + receipt_l1_fee) / 10^18 ETHStandard EVM Chains (Arbitrum, BSC, Avalanche, Polygon zkEVM)Total Fee = (receipt_gas_used * receipt_effective_gas_price) / 1e18 ETHNote: On Arbitrum, receipt_gas_used includes both L1 and L2 fees.EthereumTotal Fee = Calldata Fee + Blob Fee (Post EIP-4844)

Calldata Fee = (receipt_gas_used * receipt_effective_gas_price) / 1e18 ETH
Blob Fee = (receipt_blob_gas_used * receipt_blob_gas_price) / 1e18 ETH (for transaction_type = 3)

PolygonTotal Fee = (receipt_gas_used * COALESCE(receipt_effective_gas_price, gas_price)) / 1e18 ETHNote: receipt_effective_gas_price values may be null, in which case gas_price is used.System TransactionsDifferent chains handle system transactions differently:

Base/Optimism/Scroll: Identified by receipt_l1_fee IS NULL OR receipt_l1_fee = 0
Polygon: Identified by gas_price IS NULL OR gas_price = 0 (e.g., State Syncs)
Arbitrum: Identified by transaction_type BETWEEN 100 AND 106
BSC: Identified by receipt_effective_gas_price IS NULL OR receipt_effective_gas_price = 0

Table Columns

Several columns may only be applicable for specific EVM-compatible blockchains. The list of columns present in the table is not exhaustive.

Unique Key: hash

Column Name	Description
block_number	The length of the chain, in blocks.
block_timestamp	The time when the block that contains this transaction was included on the blockchain.
block_timestamp_ms	The block timestamp in milliseconds since Unix epoch (string-encoded), providing higher precision than `block_timestamp`.
block_hash	Unique identifier of the block that includes this transaction.
hash	Unique identifier of a transaction.
nonce	The transaction nonce, unique to the wallet
transaction_index	The position of this transaction in the block that it belongs to. The first transaction has index 0.
from_address	The address of the sending party of this transaction.
to_address	The address of the receiving party of this transaction (could be a contract address).
value	The amount of ether sent in this transaction, in wei.
gas	The maximum amount of gas allocated for this transaction in wei.
gas_price	Cost per unit of gas specified by the transaction in wei. The higher the gas price, the higher chance of getting included in a block.
input	The data sent along with the transaction.
max_fee_per_gas	The maximum fee per gas that the transaction sender is willing to pay for this transaction (introduced in EIP1559)
max_priority_fee_per_gas	The maximum fee per gas the transaction sender is willing to give to validators (Proof of Stake) or miners (Proof of Work) to incentivize them to include their transaction (introduced in EIP1559)
l1_base_fee	L1 base fee at the time the transaction was submitted
receipt_gas_used	The total amount of gas consumed by a transaction as recorded in its receipt
receipt_cumulative_gas_used	The total amount of gas used when this transaction was executed in the block.
receipt_effective_gas_price	The sum of the base fee and tip paid per unit of gas.
receipt_contract_address	The contract address created, if the transaction was a contract creation, otherwise null.
receipt_root	Transaction stateroot (pre Byzantium).
receipt_status	Success status of the transaction. Either 1 (success) or 0 (failure).
receipt_l1_block_number	The L1 block number where this L2 transaction was finalized
receipt_l1_fee	The Layer 1 fee paid for the transaction (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_l1_fee_scalar	Multiplier used to adjust L1 data fees for L2s (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_l1_base_fee_scalar	The base fee scalar component applied to L1 base fee to calculate L1 data costs for rollups (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_l1_gas_price	The gas price used to compute L1 calldata fee (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_l1_gas_used	The amount of gas used on the L1 chain for posting transaction data (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_gas_used_for_l1	The amount of gas used for L1 data submission for the L2 transaction
receipt_l1_blob_base_fee	Base fee per blob (in wei) on L1 (post-EIP-4844) (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_l1_blob_base_fee_scalar	Scalar applied to blob base fee to adjust L1 blob costs on L2 (applicable for Layer 2 transactions).
receipt_blob_gas_used	Total blob gas used for the transactions
receipt_deposit_nonce	Nonce used to track L1→L2 deposit transactions, for tracking cross-chain deposits and preventing replay attacks.
receipt_deposit_receipt_version	Version identifier for the L1 deposit receipt format.
log_count	Number of event logs emitted in the transaction.
transaction_type	The integer of the transaction type, 0x0 for legacy transactions, 0x1 for access list types, 0x2 for dynamic fees.
authorization_list	An array of objects present in 7702 transactions, each containing the delegated address, chain ID, nonce, signature data (r, s, yParity), and the recovered authority.
access_list	A list of addresses and storage keys that the transaction plans to access, introduced in EIP-2930 to help optimize gas costs.
y_parity	The parity (0 or 1) of the y-coordinate of the curve point for the signature’s recovery identifier.
beneficiary	Address receiving block rewards or fees
deposit_value	Amount bridged from L1 in a deposit transaction
max_submission_fee	Maximum fee paid for submitted a retryable ticket (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
retry_to	Target address of the retryable transaction on rollups (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
retry_value	ETH value sent with the retryable transaction (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
retry_data	Calldata payload for the retryable execution (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
refund_to	Address receiving any unused submission fee refunds (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
request_id	Unique identifier for L1-to-L2 messages or retryable tickets (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
max_refund	The maximum amount that can be refunded to the user if the retryable ticket is canceled or not executed (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
ticket_id	The unique identifier (message hash) for a retryable ticket used in Arbitrum’s L1 → L2 messaging system (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
submission_fee_refund	The portion of the submission fee returned to the user (for Arbitrum Orbit chains)
index	Position index of the transaction within a sequence, returned from the RPC response.
l1_block_number	Block number on L1 where this L2 transaction originated
l1_timestamp	Timestamp of the L1 block where this L2 transaction originated
l1_tx_origin	Original sender address on L1 that initiated this L2 transaction
queue_index	Position in the L2 transaction queue
queue_origin	Origin of the transaction in the queue
seq_r	R component of the sequencer’s signature
seq_s	S component of the sequencer’s signature
seq_v	V component of the sequencer’s signature
raw_transaction	Complete raw transaction data in hexadecimal format
deposit_receipt_version	Version identifier for the deposit receipt format used in L1->L2 deposits
deposit_receipt_nonce	Unique nonce used to track and verify L1->L2 deposit transactions
fee_token	The token address used to pay transaction fees, enabling gas payment in tokens other than the native currency (ERC-4337 account abstraction).
receipt_fee_token	The actual token used for fee payment as recorded in the transaction receipt, may differ from the requested fee_token.
fee_payer_signature	The signature authorizing a third party (paymaster) to pay transaction fees on behalf of the sender (ERC-4337 sponsored transactions).
receipt_fee_payer	The address that paid the transaction fees, which may differ from the sender when using paymasters or sponsored transactions.
nonce_key	The key component of a two-dimensional nonce system, allowing multiple independent nonce sequences per account (ERC-4337).
calls	Array of call data for batch transactions, enabling multiple contract calls in a single transaction (account abstraction feature).
signature	The cryptographic signature authorizing the transaction, format varies based on the account type (EOA vs smart contract wallet).
valid_before	The Unix timestamp before which the transaction authorization is valid, used for time-bounded permits (ERC-3009).
valid_after	The Unix timestamp after which the transaction authorization becomes valid, used for delayed execution permits (ERC-3009).
aa_authorization_list	List of account abstraction authorizations for ERC-4337 UserOperations, containing paymaster and signature data.
key_authorization	Authorization data for key-based access control in smart contract wallets, specifying permitted signing keys.
mint	Amount of ETH minted on L2 by this transaction. Populated for OP Stack deposit transactions bridging ETH from L1.
receipt_da_footprint_gas_scalar	Scalar applied to the transaction’s data-availability footprint when computing gas usage, as reported in the receipt (newer OP Stack chains).
receipt_operator_fee_constant	Flat operator-fee component in wei, as reported in the transaction receipt (OP Stack Isthmus+). Combined with the scalar as `operatorFeeConstant + (gasUsed × operatorFeeScalar / 1e6)` (Isthmus) or `operatorFeeConstant + (gasUsed × operatorFeeScalar × 100)` (Jovian). Zero for deposit transactions.
receipt_operator_fee_scalar	Gas-proportional operator-fee scalar, as reported in the transaction receipt (OP Stack Isthmus+). Set by the chain operator; Isthmus scales it by 1e6, Jovian multiplies by 100. Zero for deposit transactions.
source_hash	Unique hash identifying the origin of an OP Stack deposit transaction, derived from the L1 block hash and deposit log index.
receipt_token_ratio	Ratio between the chain’s gas token and ETH used for fee conversion, as reported in the receipt (e.g. MNT/ETH on Mantle).
eth_value	Transaction value denominated in ETH (applicable for chains whose native gas token is not ETH, e.g. Mantle).
eth_tx_value	Transaction value converted to ETH terms using the token ratio, as reported in the receipt (applicable for chains whose native gas token is not ETH).
l1_batch_number	Number of the L1 batch that includes this transaction. ZK Stack chains (e.g. ZKsync, Abstract) group L2 blocks into batches committed to Ethereum L1.
l1_batch_tx_index	Zero-based position of this transaction within its L1 batch (applicable for ZK Stack chains).
receipt_l1_batch_number	L1 batch number reported in the transaction receipt (applicable for ZK Stack chains).
receipt_l1_batch_tx_index	Position of this transaction within its L1 batch as reported in the transaction receipt (applicable for ZK Stack chains).
_extra_fields	Any additional fields that aren’t explicitly defined
_created_at	Timestamp of the entry creation.
_updated_at	Timestamp of the entry update.

Overview

Data Verticals

Solana

Hyperliquid

Lighter

Bitcoin Ecosystem

EVM

Cosmos Ecosystem

Move Ecosystem

Other Ecosystems

Transaction Fees

Table Columns

​Transaction Fees

​Table Columns

Transaction Fees

Table Columns